Saturday, January 10, 2015

Cisco CCNP - 300-101 - Understanding Routing

So it's that time again for me to renew my Cisco Certifications. As a result, this post is based on my preparation for the CCNP Route Exam (300-101).

In this post I will be focusing on understanding (refreshing my memory) - Some Definitions

Poison Reverse - Use to advertise a route as unreachable in distance vector protocols. Since RIP uses a maximum hop count of 15, it can poison a route by advertising it with a hop count of 16. This would make other routers consider this route as unreachable. When Poison Reverse is used a route learned via a specific interface is advertised back on that interface with a metric of infinite.

Summarization - This is also called route aggregation and is used to reduce the number of entries in routing tables. Multiple routes are made into a single entry and then placed in the routing table. This is done to save on bandwidth, reduce on CPU cycles, etc.

Split Horizon - Used to prevent routes learned on a specific interface from being advertised back out on that interface

Convergence - Relates to the time it take for a router to update its routing table by adding and or removing routes to represent the new state and or topology of the infrastructure.


Types Of Routing Protocols
Distance Vector
    - RIP (v1, c2 and ng) - Uses hop count to calculate metric
    - EIGRP - by default uses bandwidth and delay to calculate metric. Can also use Reliability, load and MTU
      uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
      K-values change on one router must be updated on all neighbours
   
   
Link State - uses Djikstra's Shortest Path First Algorithm
    - OSPF - Uses cost for its metric. Cost is based on the speed of the link between two routers
     - Priority 0 prevents routers from participating in the Designated Router (DR) election process.
    - IS-IS

   
Path Vector - Include information about the exact path a packet should take to reach a destination network.
    - BGP - Used to connect multiple autonomous system. The routing protocol that runs the Internet.
      - Sets up a TCP session between peers
      - uses unicast for route advertisement.

     
Route redistribution - Allows router to have it various interfaces participate in different routing protocols. Routes learned from one routing protocols can be injected into another routing protocol.


Hop Count - This is the number of routers which must be crossed to get to a destination networks

   
Autonomous System - "A set of routers under a single technical administration, using an interior gateway protocol (IGP)"


Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
Used for routing traffic within a single autonomous system or by routing devices typically owned by one organization. Examples are RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, iBGP


Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
Used for routing traffic between different autonomous system. The most mused EGP is Border Gateway Protocol

   
Types Of Network Communication
    - Unicast - Used for one-to-one communication.
      In IPv6 global unicast begins with 2000::/3
    - Multicast - Used for one-to-many communication.
      IPv6 multicast uses ff00::/8
    - Broadcast - Used for one-to-all communication.
      Used in IPv4 but not in IPv6 networks
    - Anycast - A single IPv6 address applied to multiple devices. In this case communication is one-to-nearest. Not used in IPv4 networks
    - Point-to-Point - A single link connecting two devices. Typically found on serial links
    - Non Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) - Does not support broadcast. Individual messages must be sent to each router.
      Because there is no support for broadcast or multicast, problems can occurr with dynamic routing protocols. Hence neighboring IP address must be statistically configured.

TCP Maximum Segment Size (MSS)
    - This is an option that is used only at the time a connection is established to indicated the maximum amount of octets which the receiver can accept per segment. The value specified does not include any headers (Ethernet, IP, TCP, etc)
   
   
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
    - Used to connect one or more private networks across the public Internet. Typically VPNs are used either for Remote Access or for Site-To-Site connectivity.

ARP - Uses broadcast in IPv4. However, broadcast is not supported in IPv6  so exchanges are done via Neighbor Discovery.
    - Not required for Serial Interfaces because these interfaces does not have MAC addresses

First Hop Redundancy Protocols (FHRP), eg. HSRP, VRRP, GLBP   
   
Asymmetric Routing
    - Traffic leaving the network goes through one device or interface while traffic returning to the network uses a different device or interface.
    - Cisco recommends not to span a VLAN across more than one access layer switch to avoid asymmetric routing
    - If needed set the aging timer of the Content Adressable Memory (CAM) table to match (or less than) that of the FHRP device


Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
    - This relates to the largest packet size supported on an interface and is typically 1500 bytes

Latency
    - The time required for a packet to travel from its source to its destination
    - is a factor of the bandwidth-delay product


bandwidth-delay Product
    - The maximum number of bits that can be on a network segment and any given time
    - formula: segment bandwidth (bps) X latency experienced (in sec)
    - eg. Segment with bandwidth 768 kbps and end-to-end latency of 100 ms
        (768 x 1000 ) * (100/1000)
        768,000 * 0.1 = 76,800
   

TCP Window Field
    - The number of bytes a sender is willing to transmit before an acknowledgement is received

Sliding Window
    - The window size begins with one segment. Once an acknowledgement is received, the window size increase by 2. If an acknowledgement is received, the windows size then increases by 4, and so on and so on until there is no acknowledgement within a certain time period - round-trip time (RTT) or until a maximum configured window size is reached


Network Routing Protocols Migration
    - Administrative Distance (AD)
        - When migrating, set the AD to higher than the current routing protocol
    - OR Route Redistribution - allows cut over of one network segment at a time
        - Connected: 0
        - Static: 1
        - EIGRP Summary route: 5
        - EIGRP (internal): 90
        - EIGRP (Externa): 170
        - eBGP: 20
        - iBGP: 200
        - OSPF: 110
        - RIP: 120
        - Unreachable: 255
   


Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6
    -  Check equipment for compatibility
    -  Run IPv4 and IPv6 concurrently (dual stack)
    -  Check ISP IPv6 support
    -  Configure NAT64 - NAT64 allows IPv6 address to be translated to IPv4 address
       Can be manually configured and is called stateless translation
       useful in small environments
       stateful translation allows for dynamic IPv6 to IPv4 mappings
    -  Use Network Prefix Translation v6 (NPT v6)
       translates from one IPv6 prefix to another
    IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel

   
Cisco Easy Virtual Network (EVN)
    - Uses a Virtual Network Trunk to carry traffic for each virtual network.
    - Uses an 802.1Q trunk to carry VLAN traffic for the different virtual networkss
    - uses route replication for services like DNS, DHCP, email server, etc
   


References:
CCNP official Cert Guide - CCNP Routing and Switching - Route 300-101
https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1058.txt
http://www.juniper.net/techpubs/software/junos-es/junos-es92/junos-es-swconfig-interfaces-and-routing/split-horizon-and-poison-reverse-efficiency-techniques.html
http://www.quora.com/Why-is-Poison-Reverse-necessary
https://supportforums.cisco.com/discussion/11593781/rip-poison-reverse-benefithttp://www.orbit-computer-solutions.com/IP-Address---Route-Summarization-Example-_2.php
http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2168927&seqNum=7
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/route-summarization
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=174107&seqNum=3
http://www.howtonetwork.net/public/612.cfm
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_8-4/testing_routing.html
http://www.nanog.org/sites/default/files/mon.general.benkis.measuring_networks.17.pdf
http://www.linfo.org/convergence.html
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc940478.aspx
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/ipv6/configuration/15-2mt/ip6-15-2mt-book/ip6-anycast-add.html
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6MulticastandAnycastAddressing-5.htm
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPMaximumSegmentSizeMSSandRelationshiptoIPDatagra.htm
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6691
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc879
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/maximum-segment-size
http://blogs.technet.com/b/onthewire/archive/2014/06/18/checking-your-tcp-packets-are-pulling-their-weight-tcp-max-segment-size-or-mss.aspx
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios/12_2sb/12_2sba/feature/guide/sb_admss.html
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security-vpn/ipsec-negotiation-ike-protocols/14106-how-vpn-works.html
http://www.apnic.net/services/services-apnic-provides/helpdesk/faqs/asn-faqs
http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_9-1/autonomous_system_numbers.html

No comments:

Post a Comment